Studies of life

           Engineering, Technology, Science, Commercialism and Art studies.

According to Oxford dictionary

Engineering is the practical application of scientific knowledge in the design, building and control of machine, roads, bridges, and electrical and chemical apparatus,

While the American Engineers Council for Professional Development (ECPD) defined Engineering as The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation or safety to life and property.
The term Engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium, meaning "cleverness" and ingeniare, meaning "to contrive or create devise" for war as in the early yaers such as catapults, assult towers e.t.c 

Existence
the existence of engineering is as old as human it self as from the invention of little tools to help human in its daily activities to overcome, understand, and utilize the challenges of his immediate environment.

History associated with Engineering
The first engineer known by name and achievement is Imhotep, builder of the Step Pyramid at Saqqarah, Egypt, probably in about 2550 BC. Imhotep's successors—Egyptian, Persian, Greek, and Roman—carried civil engineering to remarkable heights on the basis of empirical methods aided by arithmetic, geometry, and a smattering of physical science.

Step pyramid of Saqqarah

cross section of the pyramid

                                   





Engineering functions are associated problem solving which, could be in the form of quantitative, qualitative, physical, economical, mathematics or common sense using individual creative ideas to optimize the solution. Although engineering problems vary in scope and complexity, the same general approach is applicable. First comes an analysis of the situation and a preliminary decision on a plan of attack. In line with this plan, the problem is reduced to a more categorical question that can be clearly stated. The stated question is then answered by deductive reasoning from known principles or by creative synthesis, as in a new design. The answer or design is always checked for accuracy and adequacy. Finally, the results for the simplified problem are interpreted in terms of the original problem and reported in an appropriate form.



Technology: is the scientific study and use of applied science to solve challenges using modern knowledge. or
the application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life or, as it is sometimes phrased, to the change and manipulation of the human environment using modern knowledge.
Technology: is a general terms used for the process by which human race fashion or produce tools, machines or medium to increase their control and understanding over their immediate material environment.

History associated with Technology
Technology is a Greek word from the word (tekhne) which means an act of craft and (logia) which means an area of study i.e (tekhne-logia) study of the act of craft. example can be tied to architectural design of a building (Technology & Innovation)

When the word Technology first appeared in English in the 17th century, it was used to mean a discussion of the applied arts only, and gradually these “arts” themselves came to be the object of the designation. By the early 20th century, the term embraced a growing range of means, processes, and ideas in addition to tools and machines. By mid-century, technology was defined by such phrases as “the means or activity by which man seeks to change or manipulate his environment.” Even such broad definitions have been criticized by observers who point out the increasing difficulty of distinguishing between scientific inquiry and technological activity.

Science: is the study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world and society especially through observation and experiment. And the encyclopedia says its any system of knowledge that is concerned with the physical world and its phenomena and that entails unbiased observations and systematic experimentation. In general, a science involves a pursuit of knowledge covering general truths or the operations of fundamental laws.

History Associated with Science

the history of science from its beginnings in prehistoric times to the 20th century.

On the simplest level, science is knowledge of the world of nature. There are many regularities in nature that mankind has had to recognize for survival since the emergence of Homo sapiens as a species. The Sun and the Moon periodically repeat their movements. Some motions, like the daily “motion” of the Sun, are simple to observe; others, like the speed and volume of flow of water in a river or the annual “motion” of the Sun, are far more difficult. Both motions correlate with important terrestrial events. Day and night provide the basic rhythm of human existence; the seasons determine the migration of animals upon which humans depended for millennia for survival. With the invention of agriculture, the seasons became even more crucial, for failure to recognize the proper time for planting could lead to starvation. Science defined simply as knowledge of natural processes is universal among mankind, and it has existed since the dawn of human existence.
The mere recognition of regularities does not exhaust the full meaning of science, however. In the first place, regularities may be simply constructs of the human mind. Humans leap to conclusions; the mind cannot tolerate chaos, so it constructs regularities even when none objectively exists.

Sun and others

River flow in a direction

              

Commercialism: is the practices and attitude that are too concerned with the making of profit, or the act and study of making profit.

Commercialism is the application of both manufacturing and consumption towards personal usage, or the practices, methods, aims, and spirit of free enterprise geared toward generating profit.
Commercialism can also be used in a negative connotation to refer to the possibility within open-market capitalism to exploit objects, people, or the environment for private gain for the purpose of generating profit.
As such, the related term "commercialized" can be used in a negative fashion, implying that someone or something has been despoiled by commercial or monetary interests.
Commercialism can also refer, positively or negatively, to corporate domination. Commercialism is often closely associated with the corporate world and advertising, and often makes use of advancements in technology.

Existence

 

Commerce as the main course of sturdy have been in existence when exchange between man becomes a necessity then goods must be transported from one place to another. In ancient times, transporting commodities over any significant distance was an expensive and risky enterprise. This restricted commerce mainly to local markets. As transportation networks improved, commerce expanded considerably. Today commerce takes place between neighboring households, between neighboring cities, and between neighboring continents. Reliable international shipping, mail services, and the Internet enable commerce between people in any location in the world as technology advances. 

Art: is the expression of human creative talent especially in a visual form, also its a subject of study of languages, literature and history. A study that places emphasis on imaginative and creative ability than on the technical and practical skills needed in science.

Many great traditions in art have a foundation in the art of one of the great ancient civilizations: Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, India, China, Ancient Greece, Rome, as well as Inca, Maya, and Olmec. Each of these centers of early civilization developed a unique and characteristic style in its art. Because of the size and duration of these civilizations, more of their art works have survived and more of their influence has been transmitted to other cultures and later times. Some also have provided the first records of how artists worked. For example, this period of Greek Art saw a veneration of the human physical form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty, and anatomically correct proportions.

cave painting of horse

Adam detailed by Michelangelo's

                                     

With the involvement of all the above course study of life, each of them have contributed there part to development in all aspect of life while Engineering, Technology  and Science have contributed so much to the development of human and his environment through research,  experiments, Inventions and Innovations of tools, means of trans portion, communication, processing of goods and production e.t.c and the art have studied human enough that they illustrate and demonstrate for us how laws can bind and guide us through the ups and downs of our geographical or Geo-economical area and commerce as a social science as also studied man on his point of interest and how to make profit from the direct problems that he is faced with.
Then to a conclusion i think and believe that ENGINEERING, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY are courses designed to face and solve problems that is faced with human without any ulterior motives therefor our Government should look into sponsoring and supporting Engineering, Scientific and Technological research and programs.